Citation Style - APA

Typically located within the body of your text, it briefly acknowledges the source of your information. The main role of an in-text citation is to both inform and direct readers of your paper on where to look in the list of bibliography located at the end of your paper for the full details of this particular resource you used.

In-text citations typically include:

• The author's surname (or the corporate author's name)

• The date of publication

• A page number (or paragraph number). You must include a page or paragraph number if you are quoting information, but do not have to if you are paraphrasing information.

There are two acceptable ways to write your in-text citation, either "Narratively" or "Parenthetically". Both ways are correct and you can alternate between them within the same research paper as you are not obliged to limit yourself to using only one of them.

Narratively:

Writing your in-text citation narratively means that you will place it at the beginning of your sentence starting with:

Auhtor's Last Name followed by the date of publication between brackets followed by verbs such as: asserts, argues, believes, found that,...etc.

Parenthetically:

Writing your in-text citation parenthetically means that you will place the citation information at the very end of your sentence. Here you will put the Author's surname, publication date, pages (if needed), all between brackets.

Carlson (2019) found that heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens 

Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens (Carlson, 2019) 

* It is usually accepted to abbreviate long titles or long names of institutions in your in-text citation.

* Any citation mentioned more than once in your paper, you can write it in full for the first time and then just refer to it for any subsequent times.

Quoting:

When you copy or use directly the exact words from a source, enclose the words in quotation marks and add the page number to the in-text citation.

If a quotation is 40 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format in which the quotation is indented about ½ inch (or 5 spaces) from the left margin.

Paraphrasing:

When you rephrase an argument or express the same idea or meaning but using you own words, this is considered paraphrasing.

Original Source

Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them and no one knows them intimately.

Source from: 

Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139, 469-480. 

Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing

The homeless come from families with problems. Frequently, they have been physically or sexually abused, or have lived in group homes. Usually no one cares for them or knows them intimately (Rokach, 2005). 

Note: In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way. 

Example: Correct Paraphrasing

Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).

Note: The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.

*This sesction is taken from:

Kowal, H.LibGuides: APA citation guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing. Retrieved Jan 24, 2023, from https://columbiacollege-

ca.libguides.com/c.php?g=713274&p=5082936

Examples:

• (Brody, 2017) ----- One Author - Parenthecial In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)
• Middleton (2021) suggests that…. ----- One Author - Narrative In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)
• According to the American Psychological Association (2020).... ----- One Corporate Author - Narrative In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)
• "..................." (Kuttner, 2003, p. 26) ----- One Author - Parenthetical In-text Citation (Quoting)
• Morris (2022) suggests that "..." (p. 85) ------ One Author - Narrative In-text Citation (Quoting)
• The National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] (2003) states that "............". (pp. 5-6) ----- One Corporate Author - Narrative In-text Citation (Quoting)
• "........" (University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2) ----- One Corporate Author - Parenthetical In-text Citation (Quoting)
• As Rokach (2005) notes, "................................" (p. 477). One Author - Narrative In-text Citation (Quoting)
• (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)  ------ Corporate Author but no date - Parenthetical In-text citation (Paraphrasing)
• Stevenson (n.d.) argues that.... ------ One author but no date - Narrative In-text citation (Paraphrasing)
• "...................." (Smith, n.d., p. 200)  ------ One author but no date - Parenthetical In-text Citation (Quoting)
• (“Roman Culture,” n.d.) ----- No author, so the article's title is used instead of the author's name, no date Parenthetical In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)
• ("A few words," 2018) -----------No author, so the article's title is used instead of the author's name, Parenthetical In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

Examples:

(Wodtke & Govella, 2009)  Two Authors - Parenthecial In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

(Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57) Two Authors - Parenthecial In-text Citation (Quoting)

Van de Vijver & Leung (2011) assert that ..........Two Authors - Narrative In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

"..............................." (Smith & Robertson, n.d., p. 200) Two Authors - No Date - Parenthetical In-text Citation (Quoting)

Examples:

*When doing the In-text Citation for a source that has 3 to 5 authors, mention the names of all the authors in their first appearance but then only mention the name of the first author followed by "et al." in all subsequent appearances, like the below example.

 3 Authors, Parenthetical In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

"........................" (Roberts, Lejuez, Krueger, Richards & Hill, 2009, p. 1320)  5 Authors , Parenthetical In-text Citation (Quoting)

Ledlow, Manrodt, & Schott (2017) argue that............. (p. 52)  3 Authors, Narrative In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

(Blumenthal, Diclemente, Braithwaite & Smith, 2013)  4 Authors, Parenthetical In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

Examples:

*When doing the In-text Citation for a source that has more than 5 authors, only mention the name of the first author followed by "et al."

Bexby et al. (2005) indicate that….. ----- Narrative In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)

(Duckworth et al., 2019) ------- Parenthetical In-text Citation (Paraphrasing)